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Working Stress method
This method of design was the oldest one. It is based on the elastic theory and assumes that both steel and concrete are elastic and obey Hook’s law. It means that the stress is directly proportional to strain up to the point of collapse. Based on the elastic theory, and assuming that the bond between steel and concrete is perfect, permissible stresses of the materials are obtained. The basis of this method is that the permissible stresses are not exceeded any where in the structure when it is subjected to worst combination of working loads.
In this method, the ultimate strength of concrete and yield strength or 0.2% proof stress of steel are divided by factors of safety to obtain permissible stresses. These factors of safety take into account the uncertainties in manufacturing of these materials. As per IS456, a factor of safety of 3 is to be used for bending compressive stresses in concrete and 1.78 for yield/proof strength of steel.
The main drawbacks of the working stress method of design are as follows :
(i) It assumes that concrete is elastic which is not true as the concrete behaves in-elastically even on low level of stresses.
(ii) It uses factors of safety for stresses only and not for loads. Hence, this method does not give true margin of safety with respect to loads because we do not know the failure load.
(iii) It does not use any factor of safety with respect to loads. It means, there is no provision for the uncertainties associated with the estimation of loads.
(iv) It does not account for shrinkage and creep which are time dependent and plastic in nature.
(v) This method gives uneconomical sections.
(vi) It pays no attention to the conditions that arise at the time of collapse.
The working stress method is very simple and reliable but as per IS 456:2000 the working stress method is to be used only if it is not possible to use limit state method of design. Working stress method is the basic method and its knowledge is essential for understanding the concepts of design.
Learn : comparison of working stress method and limit state method, working stress method,Drawbacks of the working stress method, Limit state method : Limit state of collapse, Limit state of serviceability. COMPARISON OF WORKING STRESS METHOD AND LIMIT STATE METHOD Working Stress method and Drawbacks of the working stress method Working Stress method This method of design …
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Learn : Types of problem in T Beam : Procedure for Determining the Moment of Resistance of the Given Section in T beam,Find Stresses in Steel and Concrete in T beam,To design the section for given loads.Design of T beam TYPES OF PROBLEM IN T BEAM To determine the moment of resistance of the given …
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Learn : Analysis of T beam working stress method : Neutral Axis is Within the Flange (n < Df), Neutral Axis Lies in the Web of the Beam (n >Df) ANALYSIS OF T BEAM Consider the section of a T-beam shown in Fig. 2.14 (a). The analysis of a T-beam comprises of following two cases …
T beams and terms used in T beams : Breadth of Web (bw),Thickness of the Flange (Df),Overall Depth of the Beam (D),Effective Width of the Flange (bf),Effective width of the compression flange of the flanged beam in Reinforced cement concrete T beams and terms used in T beams in Reinforced cement concrete T BEAMS In RCC construction, …
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Steel beam theory is used to find the approximate value of the moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam specially when the area of compression steel is equal to or more than the area of the tensile steel. Steel beam theory moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced beam The moment of resistance of …
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Types of problem in doubly reinforced beams working stress method: Determination of moment of resistance of the given section,Determination of actual stresses in concrete and steel,Design of the section. Types of problem in doubly reinforced beams working stress method Determination of moment of resistance of the given section. Determination of actual stresses in concrete and steel. …
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Learn : Analysis of a doubly reinforced beam working stress method : modular ratio, Equivalent section,critical neutral axis, actual neutral axis, stresses in the section, moment of resistance. Analysis of a doubly reinforced beam working stress method Modular Ratio (a) Modular ratio for tensile steel is taken as m where \[m = \frac{280}{3\sigma_{cbc}}\]. (b) Modular …
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Learn : Necessity of Doubly reinforced beam, Doubly reinforced beam DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS The R.C.C. beams in which the steel reinforcement is placed in the tension as well as compression zone are called as doubly reinforced beams. The moment of resistance of a balanced R.C.C. beam of dimension b×d is Rbd2 Sometimes due to head …
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Learn : Three types of problems in singly reinforced beam working stress method :To determine the moment of resistance of the given section,To determine the stresses developed in concrete and steel under given loading,To design the section for given loading Problems in singly reinforced beam working stress method There are three types of problems in …
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Balanced sections,under reinforced section and over reinforced section Balanced Sections A balanced sections is that in which stress in concrete and steel reach their permissible value at the same time. This means that stress diagram is as shown in Fig. 2.6(b). The percentage of steel corresponding to this section is called as balanced …
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Learn : Analysis of singly reinforced beam Working stress method,Equivalent or Transformed Section,Strain Diagram,Stress Diagram,Neutral Axis,Stresses in Concrete and Steel , Dimensions of the Beam and Area of Steel,Percentage of Steel,Lever arm, moment of resistance Analysis of singly reinforced beam Working stress method Analysis of singly reinforced beam Working stress method : A singly reinforced …
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Learn : Concept of transformed or equivalent section of a RCC beam,load carried by steel.load carried by concrete,section in terms of concrete CONCEPT OF TRANSFORMED OR EQUIVALENT SECTION Consider an R.C.C. section shown in Fig. 2.2(a) subjected to a compressive load P. Let A = Area of cross-section Ac = Area of concrete Ast …
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PERMISSIBLE STRESSES (CLAUSE B-2, IS456:2000),Permissible Stresses in Concrete ( IS 456),Permissible Stress in Steel Reinforcement ( IS 456) PERMISSIBLE STRESSES (CLAUSE B-2, IS456:2000) The working stress method is based upon the concept of permissible stresses. Permissible stresses are obtained by dividing the ultimate strength of concrete or yield strength of steel (0.2% proof stress) by …
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Learn: Types of R.C.C. beam,Singly,doubly and T, Flanged Reinforced Beams,fundamental assumptions of elastic theory, Assumptions in the theory of simple bending of R.C.C. beams(Working stress method) Plain Cement Concrete has low tensile strength. A beam made up of plain cement concrete will have low load carrying capacity and will fail by cracking in the tension …
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