STANDARDS OF CANAL CROSS-SECTION

## Standards of canal cross section

STANDARDS OF CANAL CROSS-SECTION Usual dimensions of canal cross-section elements have been given here and there inappropriate articles. The standards as suggest by CWPC are given as follows.   1. General. A trapezoidal section is recommended for the canal. The longitudinal slope of the canal is determined depending upon the average slope. The natural ground along the proposed alignment. This is the maximum average slope that can be provided on the canal. 2. Side Slopes. These are dependent on the local soil characteristics and are designed to withstand. The following conditions during the operation of the canal. (a) The sudden drawdown condition for inner slopes. (b) The canal running full with banks saturated due to rainfall. Canal in the filling will generally have side slopes of 1.5: 1. For canals in cutting, the side slope should be between 1: 1 and 1.5: 1 depending upon the type of soil. 3.…

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SERVICE ROAD AND DOWLA A service road is provided usually on the left bank of the channel. In case of very small channel i.e. minor, it may or may not be provided. The top width of the bank carrying service road should not be less than 5 m. According to CWPC minimum road width should be 61 m. On large canals service roads may be provided on both the banks. Service road level should be 50 cm to 1 in above the F.S.L. depending upon the size of the canal. A Dowla is provided along the service road, separating service road from berms. This is provided as a measure of safety. Dowla is an earthen bond 50 cm high and 50 cm wise at the top. The side slope of Dowla is 1.5: 1. It also prevents erosion of the slope due to rain. LAND WIDTH The width of land,…

## Free Board & Canal Banks

FREE BOARD The vertical distance between F.S.L. and top of the lowest bank of the channel is know free board. It is provided to prevent waves or fluctuations in water surface from overtopping the banks. Freeboard depends upon the canal size, wind action, soil characteristics and location. According to USER, free board may be worked out from following formula, under ordinary conditions. $F= \sqrt{CD}$ where F = free board C = a constant whose value varies from 0.46 to 0.76 D = the depth of water in metres Lacey gave following formula for the free board $F= 0.20+0.15Q^{\frac{1}{3}}$ According to CWPC the free board should be as follows: CANAL BANKS The purpose of banks is to prevent spread of water beyond the specified limit. The width of the banks should be enough so that a minimum cover of 0.5 in soil is available everywhere above the saturation line. The hydraulic…

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## Side slope Canal

SIDE SLOPE The side slope of the canal depends upon the type of soil. The canals in alluvial soils are designed assuming a 1/2 :1 side slope, irrespective of the actual initial side slope. It is assumed that after the due course of a run, the canal section would ultimately acquire a 1/2: 1 slope. This happens because silt gets deposited on the berms. Had section been designed with 1/2: 1 slope initially, the section would be reduced in due course of time due to silting and the section remaining would be inadequate. As per the recommendation of the Central Water. Power Commission (C.W.P.C.) the side slopes for various soils should be given in Table 19.2. BERMS It is a narrow strip of land, left on either side of a channel at G.L., between upper edge of the cut and the inside toe of the bank. The width of the…

CHANNEL CROSS-SECTION

## Channel cross section

CHANNEL CROSS-SECTION The channel sections for an irrigation canal may be of the following four types. 1. Canal in cutting. 2. Canal in filling. 3. Canal in heavy filling. 4. Canal partly in cutting and filling. 1. Canal in Cutting. This canal does not require any bank as F.S.L. lies below the G.L. If F.S.L. is just at the G.L., small banks may have to be provided. In this section F.S.L. of canal lies just at G.L. or slightly below it. See Fig. 19.2 (a).   2. Canal in Filling. In such a section the bed level of the canal lies at the G.L. Section whose bed level is slightly above the G.L. also comes under this category. See Fig. 19.3 (a). 3. Canal in Heavy Filling. In this section, the bed level of the canal lies substantially above the G.L. Such a section should as far as possible be…

## Bed width and depth relationship

BED WIDTH AND DEPTH RELATIONSHIP Kennedy’s theory does not give any importance to B/D ratio. The very large number of sections with varying B/D ratio and all satisfying the C.V.R. are possible by this theory. But all these sections cannot be equally satisfactory. This drawback of Kennedy’s theory was made good to some extent by Mr. Woods, who gave B/D ratio table for various discharges. In Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) bed width, and depth are related by following equation. (i) For discharge of the channel up to 15 cumec $D= \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{B}$ (ii) For discharge of 15 cumecs and above depths for various discharges should be as follows.

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## Design of the canal

DESIGN OF THE CANAL In the design of a canal one has to find out bed width (B) depth (D), longitudinal slope (S), and velocity of flow (V). If discharge (Q) and silt factor (f) are given, the method of finding. This aspect limits only finding the sectional dimensions of the canal. But how to compute the discharge ata particular reach is an important aspect of canal design. Discharge in the off-taking canal does not remain constant throughout the length. Outlets fixed on the canal at regular intervals draw discharge from the canal and supply it to the fields for irrigation. Evaporation and percolation losses also go on increasing with length of the canal. Hence because of discharge withdrawn by outlets, and also continuous evaporation and seepage losses. The remaining discharge in the canal goes on decreasing as canal flows towards the tail. As discharge at various points on the…

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## Design of Canals

LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF A CANAL The points which should be consider in fixing alignment of the canal. Actually, the whole of the area where irrigation is propose, is surveyed, and contour plans prepared. The other features of the area are also marked over the plans. The contour plan on which other features of the area are also marked in know shajra sheet. The alignment of the main canal is fixed on the main ridge. The area proposed to be irrigate so that irrigation is possible on both sides of the canal. Branch and distributory channels are aligned along the main ridges of the area allotted for their command. In this way, the whole of the area to be irrigated is divide into several parts and each part is command by a branch, distributory or minor depending upon the extent of the area. The area under. The command of each distributory…